H1N1新型流感疫苗接種須知
【什麼是H1N1新型流感】
H1N1新型流感是由新的流感病毒株所引起的流感,自2009年4月在墨西哥發生以來,已造成全球大流行。和其他流感病毒相同,H1N1新型流感病毒主要是藉由咳嗽、打噴嚏等飛沫傳染給周圍的人,另外也可能經由雙手觸碰到病毒後,再觸摸自己的眼、口、鼻而感染。感染H1N1新型流感的症狀包括發燒、上呼吸道症狀(咳嗽、喉嚨痛、流鼻水等)、頭痛、肌肉痛、關節痛、疲倦等,也有些人會出現腹瀉、嘔吐等症狀。絕大部分患者於一週內可康復,然而小部份患者會產生肺炎或其他併發症,甚至導致死亡。
【H1N1新型流感與季節性流感有何不同】
一般流感病毒每年都會發生季節性流行,所以又稱為季節性流感,其病毒株雖然會發生變異,但這種改變並不大,過去曾感染過的人,通常身體已經建立某種程度的免疫力可對抗流感病毒。而H1N1新型流感是一種新的流感病毒,與季節性流感非常不同,大部分的人並沒有免疫力。
【疫苗成分及特性】
注射H1N1新型流感疫苗可以預防感染H1N1新型流感病毒,其製造過程與原來每年接種的季節性流感疫苗相同,因此安全性和有效性也應該與季節性流感疫苗相同;接種H1N1新型流感疫苗無法預防其他季節性流感病毒,如想預防季節性流感,應接種季節性流感疫苗。我國採購的H1N1新型流感疫苗是不活化疫苗,採肌肉注射方式接種。
【接種劑量及間隔】
6個月以上不滿3歲的幼兒,每次的接種劑量是0.25毫升或0.5毫升(因廠牌不同而異),3歲以上接種劑量是0.5毫升。另外,國小三年級(含)以下兒童,應接種2劑,第1、2劑間隔1個月以上;國小四年級(含)以上者則接種1劑。流感疫苗可以和其他疫苗(包括季節性流感疫苗)同時接種在身體不同部位或間隔任何時間接種。
【安全性及副作用】
疫苗與其他任何藥品一樣有可能造成嚴重的不良反應,如過敏反應等問題,但這種機率是相當小的。接種H1N1新型流感疫苗可能發生的副作用與季節性流感疫苗類似,接種後可能會有注射部位疼痛、紅腫,少數的人會有發燒、頭痛、噁心的輕微反應,ㄧ般會在接種後1-2天內恢復,嚴重的副作用如過敏反應,甚至過敏性休克(如呼吸困難、氣喘、眩昏、心跳加速等)之不適情況,則極少發生;而其他如多發性神經病變(Guillain-Barré Syndrome, GBS)等相關神經症狀,雖有報告病例出現,但證據顯示與接種流感疫苗無關。
【接種禁忌】
•已知對「蛋」之蛋白質或疫苗其他成份過敏者,不予接種。
•年齡6個月以下者,不予接種。
•過去注射流感疫苗曾經發生嚴重不良反應者,不予接種。
•其他經醫師評估不適合接種者,不予接種。
•發燒或急性疾病患者,宜予延後接種。
【接種後注意事項】
•為即時處理接種後發生率極低的可能嚴重過敏反應,接種後應於接種單位或附近稍作休息,並觀察至少30分鐘以上,待無不適後再離開。
•接種後如有持續發燒、嚴重過敏反應如呼吸困難、氣喘、昏眩、心跳加速等不適症狀,應儘速就醫,並打電話通報當地衛生局或疾病管制局。
•完成疫苗接種後,雖可有效降低感染H1N1新型流感病毒的機率,但仍可能罹患其他病毒所引起的流感或感冒,請注意個人衛生保健及各種預防措施,維護身體健康。
•接種H1N1新型流感疫苗後48小時內可能有發燒反應,應告知醫師曾經接種過H1N1新型流感疫苗,以作為診斷的參考。接種48小時後仍然持續發燒時,應考慮可能另有其他感染或發燒原因。
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